A novel downlink semi-persistent packet scheduling scheme for VoLTE traffic over heterogeneous wireless networks

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is becoming the first choice of Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) when constructing a wireless network infrastructure because of its high data rate, high throughput and low latency. These significant advancements are necessary for satisfying the delivery of a wide-range of mobile applications and managed network resources. However, deploying a new LTE network or a transition from current legacy cellular networks to LTE can take several years to roll out. In the meantime, working in a heterogeneous wireless communications network looks inevitable. This paper investigates Voice over LTE (VoLTE) Quality of Service (QoS) under a heterogeneous wireless communication scenario. The contributions of this paper are twofold. First, a novel Downlink (DL) semi-persistent scheduling scheme is proposed to reduce VoLTE end-to-end delay and increase system capacity. Second, an extensive network simulation model has been designed and implemented to evaluate the proposed scheme. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with the performance of two relevant and well-known DL packet scheduling methods. The simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme is able to reduce VoLTE end-to-end delay and achieve a better system capacity than current methods, and maintain the desired VoLTE QoS

LTE and LTE-A interworking and interoperability with 3GPP and non-3GPP wireless networks

This paper provides a high-level overview of E-UTRAN interworking and interoperability with existing Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and non-3GPP wireless networks. E-UTRAN access networks (LTE and LTE-A) are currently the latest technologies for 3GPP evolution specified in Release 8, 9 and beyond. These technologies promise higher throughputs and lower latency while also reducing the cost of delivering the services to fit with subscriber demands. 3GPP offers a direct transition path from the current 3GPP UTRAN/GERAN networks to LTE including seamless handover. E-UTRAN and other wireless networks interworking is an option that allows operators to maximize the life of their existing network components before a complete transition to truly 4G networks. Network convergence, backward compatibility and interpretability are regarded as the next major challenge in the evolution and the integration of mobile wireless communications. In this paper, interworking and interoperability between the E-UTRAN Evolved Packet Core (EPC) architecture and 3GPP, 3GPP2 and IEEE based networks are clearly explained. How the EPC is designed to deliver multimedia and facilitate interworking is also explained. Moreover, the seamless handover needed to perform this interworking efficiently is described briefly. This study showed that interoperability and interworking between existing networks and E-UTRAN are highly recommended as an interim solution before the transition to full 4G. Furthermore, wireless operators have to consider a clear interoperability and interworking plan for their existing networks before making a decision to migrate completely to LTE. Interworking provides not only communication between different wireless networks; in many scenarios it contributes to add technical enhancements to one or both environments

Low cost, easy-to-use, IoT and cloud-based real-time environment monitoring system using ESP8266 microcontroller

This paper proposes a low-cost, easy-to-use, IoT and cloud-based system solution for environmental data monitoring in real-time through the combination of Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing technology via Arduino IDE. This paper is present a low implementation cost Data Collection Circuit (DCC) using AT-Arduino commands-based microcontroller ESP8266 and custom IoT device for environment data collection from any physical circumstances. This paper has the scope to introduce the NoSQL, scalable, serverless, real-time database that is Google's firebase, to store the sensor data for real-time monitoring and management of the database. This paper is giving access to environmental information about a UK university library during busy exam weeks includes the major atmosphere parameters: temperature and humidity, which has a massive effect on the Earth's weather, human physical and mental health. The data can be monitored in the firebase database through terminal devices like Laptop, Smart Phone and Tablet which is endowed with the internet facility. This paper is also present a designed and developed Android App using the MIT App Inventor tool for synchronizing the firebase cloud data on it and monitoring these data in real-time from anywhere in the world in no time